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Table 1 Gene transfer and immunomodulation in cancer therapy

From: Gene therapy for cancer: present status and future perspective

Predominant action

Examples

Commercially available*

Clinical trials, Phases II,III,IV **

Gene transfer

   

 Non-Viral

Electroporation, nanoparticles, hydrodynamics, cationic liposomes, transposon, synthetic viruses

 

18,1,0

 Bacterial

Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium, Listeria, CEQ508

 

6,0,0

 Viruses

   

  ssDNA viruses

Adeno-Associated: Parvovirus

  

  dsDNA viruses

Adenoviruses: Ad5-D24, CG870, Ad5-CD/TKrep, Recombinant H103, Gutless adenovirus, OBP-301

ONYX-015

11,3,0

  dsDNA viruses

Herpetic viruses: Herpes simplex-1, TVEC

 

42,10,0

  ssRNA viruses

Lentiviruses: HIV-1, HIV-2, Simian IV, Feline IV.

 

8,2,0

  dsRNA viruses

Reoviruses

 

9,1,0

Immunomodulation

   

 Active immunotherapy

  

41,3,0

 

Single Tumor cell surface antigen vaccine

  
 

Antigen-specific plasmid-based vaccine: PSA, HER/2, Modified CEA vaccine.

  
 

Tumor cells, irradiated as vaccine

  
 

Genetically modified tumor cell vaccine: Using Poxvirus, Vaccinia virus, Recombinant fowlpox virus, Combination (TRICOM) (Prostvac-VF vaccine).

  

 Passive immunotherapy

  

219,29,2

 

Antibodies against:

Rituximab

 
 

 CD20 Protein on lymphoma cells

Rituximab

 
 

 HER/2 receptor protein in breast cancer

Trastuzumab

 
 

 CD52 Protein on CLL

Alemtuzumab

 
 

 CD20 Protein on lymphoma cells

Ibritumomab

 
 

 CD20 Protein on lymphoma cells

Tositumomab

 
 

 EGFR Receptor on squamous CA

Cetuximab

 
 

 EGFR Receptor on colorectal CA

Panitumumab

 
 

 CD20 Protein on CLL

Ofatumumab

 
 

 CD30 Protein on Hodgkin lymphoma cells

Brentuximab

 
 

 HER/2 receptor protein in breast cancer

Pertuzumab

 
 

 HER/2 receptor protein in breast cancer

Ado-Trastuzumab

 
 

 CD20 Protein on CLL

Obinutzumab

 

 Adoptive immunotherapy

  

15,1,0

 

Autologous activated T- lymphocytes

Sipuleucel-T

 
 

Genetically modified activated T-lymphocytes

  
 

Chimeric antigen receptor integrated T-lymphocytes

  
 

Activated dendritic cells

  
 

Genetically modified dendritic cells

  

 Immune enhancement

  

11,1,0

 

Antibodies blocking CTLA-4 Inhibitors for malignant melanoma.

Ipilimumab

 

Microenvironment modification

 

 Impact on vasculature

Humanized monoclonal antibodies against VEGFR-A

Bevacizumab

 
 

Anti-angiogenic genes (against VEGFR-A): Endostatin, Angiostatin

 

22,4,0

  1. Abbreviations: CA Cancer; CEA carcinoembryonic antigen; CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia; ds double stranded; CTLA-4 cytostatic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; DNA deoxy nucleic acid; EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor; FDA Food and Drug Administration in United States; HER/2 human epidermal growth factor receptor-2; HIV human immunodeficiency virus; PSA prostatic acid phosphatase antigen; RNA ribonucleic acid; ss single stranded; VEGF-A vascular endothelial growth factor A receptor.
  2. *Commercially approved medications by FDA US as of July 1, 2014. ONYX-015 was previously approved by FDA China.
  3. **Clinical trials: Number of active clinical trials on gene therapy for cancer (Phases-II, -III, and –IV) as of July 1, 2014 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
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Molecular and Cellular Therapies

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